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用户名:hglsl 笔名:hglsl 地区: 行业:其他 |
| 日 | 一 | 二 | 三 | 四 | 五 | 六 |
自由精灵,1981年出生。2004年毕业于某大学某专业,酷爱软件开发这一职业,愿意就软件开发以及相关技术和所有朋友交流。
男人25岁之前的忠告
Java各版本发布时间及代号
| 已发行的版本: | |||
| 版本号 | 名称 | 中文名 | 发布日期 |
| JDK 1.1.4 | Sparkler | 宝石 | 1997-09-12 |
| JDK 1.1.5 | Pumpkin | 南瓜 | 1997-12-13 |
| JDK 1.1.6 | Abigail | 阿比盖尔--女子名 | 1998-04-24 |
| JDK 1.1.7 | Brutus | 布鲁图--古罗马政治家和将军 | 1998-09-28 |
| JDK 1.1.8 | Chelsea | 切尔西--城市名 | 1999-04-08 |
| J2SE 1.2 | Playground | 运动场 | 1998-12-04 |
| J2SE 1.2.1 | none | 无 | 1999-03-30 |
| J2SE 1.2.2 | Cricket | 蟋蟀 | 1999-07-08 |
| J2SE 1.3 | Kestrel | 美洲红隼 | 2000-05-08 |
| J2SE 1.3.1 | Ladybird | 瓢虫 | 2001-05-17 |
| J2SE 1.4.0 | Merlin | 灰背隼 | 2002-02-13 |
| J2SE 1.4.1 | grasshopper | 蚱蜢 | 2002-09-16 |
| J2SE 1.4.2 | Mantis | 螳螂 | 2003-06-26 |
| J2SE 5.0 (1.5.0) | Tiger | 老虎 | 2004-09-29 |
| 将来发行的版本: | |||
| J2SE 5.1 (1.5.1) | Dragonfly | 蜻蜓 | 未发布 |
| J2SE 6.0 (1.6.0) | Mustang | 野马 | 未发布 |
| J2SE 7.0 | Dolphin | 海豚 | 未发布 |
马云推开一条“淘宝”路
Ajax: A New Approach to Web Applications
February 18, 2005
If anything about current interaction design can be called “glamorous,” it’s creating Web applications. After all, when was the last time you heard someone rave about the interaction design of a product that wasn’t on the Web? (Okay, besides the iPod.) All the cool, innovative new projects are online.
Despite this, Web interaction designers can’t help but feel a little envious of our colleagues who create desktop software. Desktop applications have a richness and responsiveness that has seemed out of reach on the Web. The same simplicity that enabled the Web’s rapid proliferation also creates a gap between the experiences we can provide and the experiences users can get from a desktop application.
That gap is closing. Take a look at Google Suggest. Watch the way the suggested terms update as you type, almost instantly. Now look at Google Maps. Zoom in. Use your cursor to grab the map and scroll around a bit. Again, everything happens almost instantly, with no waiting for pages to reload.
Google Suggest and Google Maps are two examples of a new approach to web applications that we at Adaptive Path have been calling Ajax. The name is shorthand for Asynchronous JavaScript + XML, and it represents a fundamental shift in what’s possible on the Web.
Ajax isn’t a technology. It’s really several technologies, each flourishing in its own right, coming together in powerful new ways. Ajax incorporates:
The classic web application model works like this: Most user actions in the interface trigger an HTTP request back to a web server. The server does some processing — retrieving data, crunching numbers, talking to various legacy systems — and then returns an HTML page to the client. It’s a model adapted from the Web’s original use as a hypertext medium, but as fans of The Elements of User Experience know, what makes the Web good for hypertext doesn’t necessarily make it good for software applications.
Figure 1: The traditional model for web applications (left) compared to the Ajax model (right).
This approach makes a lot of technical sense, but it doesn’t make for a great user experience. While the server is doing its thing, what’s the user doing? That’s right, waiting. And at every step in a task, the user waits some more.
Obviously, if we were designing the Web from scratch for applications, we wouldn’t make users wait around. Once an interface is loaded, why should the user interaction come to a halt every time the application needs something from the server? In fact, why should the user see the application go to the server at all?
An Ajax application eliminates the start-stop-start-stop nature of interaction on the Web by introducing an intermediary — an Ajax engine — between the user and the server. It seems like adding a layer to the application would make it less responsive, but the opposite is true.
Instead of loading a webpage, at the start of the session, the browser loads an Ajax engine — written in JavaScript and usually tucked away in a hidden frame. This engine is responsible for both rendering the interface the user sees and communicating with the server on the user’s behalf. The Ajax engine allows the user’s interaction with the application to happen asynchronously — independent of communication with the server. So the user is never staring at a blank browser window and an hourglass icon, waiting around for the server to do something.
Figure 2: The synchronous interaction pattern of a traditional web application (top) compared with the asynchronous pattern of an Ajax application (bottom).
Every user action that normally would generate an HTTP request takes the form of a JavaScript call to the Ajax engine instead. Any response to a user action that doesn’t require a trip back to the server — such as simple data validation, editing data in memory, and even some navigation — the engine handles on its own. If the engine needs something from the server in order to respond — if it’s submitting data for processing, loading additional interface code, or retrieving new data — the engine makes those requests asynchronously, usually using XML, without stalling a user’s interaction with the application.
Google is making a huge investment in developing the Ajax approach. All of the major products Google has introduced over the last year — Orkut, Gmail, the latest beta version of Google Groups, Google Suggest, and Google Maps — are Ajax applications. (For more on the technical nuts and bolts of these Ajax implementations, check out these excellent analyses of Gmail, Google Suggest, and Google Maps.) Others are following suit: many of the features that people love in Flickr depend on Ajax, and Amazon’s A9.com search engine applies similar techniques.
These projects demonstrate that Ajax is not only technically sound, but also practical for real-world applications. This isn’t another technology that only works in a laboratory. And Ajax applications can be any size, from the very simple, single-function Google Suggest to the very complex and sophisticated Google Maps.
At Adaptive Path, we’ve been doing our own work with Ajax over the last several months, and we’re realizing we’ve only scratched the surface of the rich interaction and responsiveness that Ajax applications can provide. Ajax is an important development for Web applications, and its importance is only going to grow. And because there are so many developers out there who already know how to use these technologies, we expect to see many more organizations following Google’s lead in reaping the competitive advantage Ajax provides.
The biggest challenges in creating Ajax applications are not technical. The core Ajax technologies are mature, stable, and well understood. Instead, the challenges are for the designers of these applications: to forget what we think we know about the limitations of the Web, and begin to imagine a wider, richer range of possibilities.
It’s going to be fun.
March 13, 2005: Since we first published Jesse’s essay, we’ve received an enormous amount of correspondence from readers with questions about Ajax. In this Q&A, Jesse responds to some of the most common queries.
Q. Did Adaptive Path invent Ajax? Did Google? Did Adaptive Path help build Google’s Ajax applications?
A. Neither Adaptive Path nor Google invented Ajax. Google’s recent products are simply the highest-profile examples of Ajax applications. Adaptive Path was not involved in the development of Google’s Ajax applications, but we have been doing Ajax work for some of our other clients.
Q. Is Adaptive Path selling Ajax components or trademarking the name? Where can I download it?
A. Ajax isn’t something you can download. It’s an approach — a way of thinking about the architecture of web applications using certain technologies. Neither the Ajax name nor the approach are proprietary to Adaptive Path.
Q. Is Ajax just another name for XMLHttpRequest?
A. No. XMLHttpRequest is only part of the Ajax equation. XMLHttpRequest is the technical component that makes the asynchronous server communication possible; Ajax is our name for the overall approach described in the article, which relies not only on XMLHttpRequest, but on CSS, DOM, and other technologies.
Q. Why did you feel the need to give this a name?
A. I needed something shorter than “Asynchronous JavaScript+CSS+DOM+XMLHttpRequest” to use when discussing this approach with clients.
Q. Techniques for asynchronous server communication have been around for years. What makes Ajax a “new” approach?
A. What’s new is the prominent use of these techniques in real-world applications to change the fundamental interaction model of the Web. Ajax is taking hold now because these technologies and the industry’s understanding of how to deploy them most effectively have taken time to develop.
Q. Is Ajax a technology platform or is it an architectural style?
A. It’s both. Ajax is a set of technologies being used together in a particular way.
Q. What kinds of applications is Ajax best suited for?
A. We don’t know yet. Because this is a relatively new approach, our understanding of where Ajax can best be applied is still in its infancy. Sometimes the traditional web application model is the most appropriate solution to a problem.
Q. Does this mean Adaptive Path is anti-Flash?
A. Not at all. Macromedia is an Adaptive Path client, and we’ve long been supporters of Flash technology. As Ajax matures, we expect that sometimes Ajax will be the better solution to a particular problem, and sometimes Flash will be the better solution. We’re also interested in exploring ways the technologies can be mixed (as in the case of Flickr, which uses both).
Q. Does Ajax have significant accessibility or browser compatibility limitations? Do Ajax applications break the back button? Is Ajax compatible with REST? Are there security considerations with Ajax development? Can Ajax applications be made to work for users who have JavaScript turned off?
A. The answer to all of these questions is “maybe”. Many developers are already working on ways to address these concerns. We think there’s more work to be done to determine all the limitations of Ajax, and we expect the Ajax development community to uncover more issues like these along the way.
Q. Some of the Google examples you cite don’t use XML at all. Do I have to use XML and/or XSLT in an Ajax application?
A. No. XML is the most fully-developed means of getting data in and out of an Ajax client, but there’s no reason you couldn’t accomplish the same effects using a technology like JavaScript Object Notation or any similar means of structuring data for interchange.
Q. Are Ajax applications easier to develop than traditional web applications?
A. Not necessarily. Ajax applications inevitably involve running complex JavaScript code on the client. Making that complex code efficient and bug-free is not a task to be taken lightly, and better development tools and frameworks will be needed to help us meet that challenge.
Q. Do Ajax applications always deliver a better experience than traditional web applications?
A. Not necessarily. Ajax gives interaction designers more flexibility. However, the more power we have, the more caution we must use in exercising it. We must be careful to use Ajax to enhance the user experience of our applications, not degrade it.
To get essays like this one delivered directly to your inbox, subscribe to our email newsletter.
Jesse James Garrett is the Director of User Experience Strategy and a founder of Adaptive Path. In 2005, he’ll be bringing his full-day seminar The Elements of User Experience to Boulder, Sydney, Seattle and other cities around the globe.
Other essays by Jesse James Garrett include The Nine Pillars of Successful Web Teams and Six Design Lessons From the Apple Store.
5-28河南美食网FB活动
今天开始上班了
今天正式上班。
上午去公司,我们到紫荆山公园开了部门会议。下午看了“角斗士”,非常血腥的场面,不过还是很不错的,很经典。
万明坚的傲慢与远见:要赢市场先必先赢江湖
万明坚的狂傲已经成为他最为人熟知的特质,而当他的"狂妄之语"一次次被现实印证时,人们开始意识到他张狂姿态背后那颗冷静的心。
只是,这一次,他能否走出TCL手机极盛后的低谷,为他的傲慢再添加一个理由?手机狂人。
几乎与TCL手机的成名同步,万明坚2002年即得到了这个有些卡通化的称谓。这一年中某日,一记者与万明坚隔桌相对,纵论国产手机的未来。恰逢万一手打造的TCL宝石系列手机处在热卖的甜蜜当中,两人间的话语交锋迅速撩拨起这位工学博士的激情。席间,万不时挽起袖子,抬腿,以单脚踏茶几,仿佛踩着敌人尸骨的战士,大谈海外手机品牌的穷途末路,痛斥"国产手机不举"论,持续的狂热燃烧着他鹰隼般的眼睛。
次日,记者以《手机狂人万明坚》为题刊表文章,从此,"手机狂人"的名声在圈内迅速流传。据该记者后来说,万明坚本人并不排斥此外号,甚至,有点喜欢。
"万明坚其实是一个很冷静的人。"与万相熟的国内第一家手机独立研发公司"中电赛龙"董事长孙景春如是评价。孙在业内知名度颇高,行事极为低调,但说起万明坚,他难掩英雄相惜之色。孙说,就产业的理解而言,万明坚已自成一体,其狂人式的风格作派更是深入人心,但是关于他狷狂之外的沉静始终缺乏一种形式的沟通让外界领会。
海水,火焰
背负着两年来"狂人"声名难以承受之重,今年8月31日,万明坚就任中法合资公司TCL阿尔卡特移动电话有限公司(TAMP)的首任CEO。早在十个月前,万明坚就向部分核心经销商透露"TCL要收购一家做手机的国外大公司";而早在一年半前,万明坚在成都放话说TCL要分拆上市——这些当时被责为"狂妄之语",并被TCL集团反复"辟谣"的话,连同他四年前说过的"做国产手机第一"的铮铮誓言,都在与阿尔卡特的联姻后,被一一印证。
国产手机行业中,万明坚是唯一一个公众形象被清晰定格的人,也是唯一一个具备个性化特质的领袖,论声名之盛,无人能出其右。但仔细一算,万明坚"出镜"率较高的时段,也不过2002年中至2003年中的一年时间,狷狂形象的负累迅速转化为潜在的意指——在"功高盖主"的江湖传言中,万明坚陷入了延续至今的沉默。
万明坚在公众眼中个人形象最为流光溢彩的时段,也正是TCL移动凯歌高奏,旌旗招展的高速成长期。
华彩的最高音奏响在2003年3月28日,TCL移动公司成立四周年暨全国经销商大会在TCL斥资1.5亿元兴建的TCL移动信息国际科技园举行。兴之所至下,万明坚临时撇下布景光鲜、人头攒动的会场,率众媒体记者绕过办公大楼直奔大楼后他引以为傲的欧式庭园。快步走在前面的万很认真地指着那些欧式立柱说,这些设计是为他们的欧洲客人准备的。说话间,他的头一直抬得很高,眼睛专注于前方,炯炯的目光里似乎只有那些欧式立柱。然后,还不待记者看个仔细,他便自顾迅速回身,再次奔会场而去——那里,照例是红地毯在等着他。
有那么一个瞬间,舞台上的万明坚双手后背,在众员工恢宏的口号声中不着一辞,只是头依然抬得很高,那双有鹰隼神彩的眼睛隐藏在一遇阳光即变茶色的镜片背后,让人看不清他的表情。
当天,记者群里有人抱怨说,万明坚走得太快了,头抬得又太高,照出来的相片常常只看到下巴,几乎不能用,众人发出一阵会意的笑声——有人评论,万明坚尽管个性张扬,但并非工于演技,对作秀一类事情,甚至显出有些笨拙。此后的小型记者见面会再次证明了这一点,坐在一张会议用圆桌后面的万明坚,神情严肃、语气坚定、不容置疑,他不善调侃的硬朗语调与记者穷追不舍的问题碰撞在一起,让空气中充满金石铿锵之声。
后来才知道,在这个记者见面会之前,万刚刚经历了会场气氛极为热烈的经销商大会。他用截然不同的激情手腕给会场升温直至沸腾,他和现场几位因卖TCL手机而摇身变为"亿元户"的经销商以兄弟相称,一派江湖义气,出生在四川宜宾山区的万明坚尽显"袍哥"作派。
冰与火间轮转的淬炼,人生的浮华表象在一日间绽放无遗。
可是在万明坚内部公开的当天日记里,是日的喧嚣鼎沸仿佛全然不曾存在,有的只是沉着智性的思考:
"2003年3月28日,我的工作安排比平日紧张了许多。这一天要举行公司成立4周年庆典,还要出席本年度的TCL移动通信全球经销商大会。各分公司经理、各路经销商齐聚惠州,我先后听完国内外分支机构同事的工作汇报,离开公司时,习惯地看了一下表,已经将近子夜。
"汽车平稳地行驶在大道上,我闭上眼睛,思考着《营销网络管理纲要》如何修订,才能符合今日的市场形势,这也是今天各分支机构代表讨论的最热点问题。一直以来,《纲要》是各分支机构的管理流程,指导着我们的一线将士开展TCL手机的销售工作。4年了,TCL手机销量的一路攀升,《纲要》功不可没。"
万明坚的"狂人日记"里,密密麻麻写着的似乎只有"纲要"两个字。
内心的沉静与外在的狂放似乎有着某种巨大的反差。
庙堂,江湖
2002年,TCL手机销量突破600万部,在TCL集团当年15亿元总利润当中,万明坚掌管的TCL移动公司贡献了12亿,在销售额和利润额上TCL均列国产手机榜首,在国内市场上仅次于摩托罗拉和诺基亚。而就在四年前,手机业务对于TCL而言,还只是一个1000万美金起家、3个人搭台、不甚起眼的角色。
万明坚在日记里有回忆道:"1999年TCL移动通讯成立之初,一切都是新的,一切从零开始,连办公场地也是租来的,此时国内手机市场是摩托罗拉、诺基亚和爱立信等国外品牌的天下。"
3年12个亿,这个充满神奇色彩的数字让万明坚被迅速神化。2002年以后的很长一段时间,TCL移动公司内刊等宣传资料上印满了各种关于万博士创造神话的溢美之辞:999D宝石手机热销,金喜善作秀下一款3188创造利润超过一个亿;经销商对万明坚博士的追捧——那段时间,万所到之处,必有经销商以一路红地毯的礼节相迎,每每喊出"万博士万岁"之语。
一位经销商后来评点说,地毯、鲜花、彩旗甚至酒桌和高呼万岁,这都不为过,手机经销商大都是在分销市场上打拼多年的江湖中人,商人重利,亦不轻义,没有这种江湖义气的纠集与共鸣,如何一起做生意?
2001年后进的国产手机冲进市场的杀手锏,靠的也的确正是这些既要利也讲义的生意人。利用他们贴近终端的销售渠道,利用他们对零售终端的直接控制,TCL手机拿到了销售的开门红。而在此之间,诺基亚、摩托罗拉的高层大都身居云端,依靠个别全国总代理向下层层发货,远离市场与终端消费群。与此相比,万明坚更早地意识到渠道扁平化的重要性,以及那些终日行走江湖、言行没有禁忌的经销商的价值。
至今,"万博士"与某经销商被放大无数倍的合影,还时常被突兀地挂在某间人头杂乱的经销商办公室。
只是对当时的万明坚而言,他可能懂得,做手机,最需要赢得的是江湖,而不一定懂得,在一个国有控股的企业做事,要赢得的除了业绩,还有更多。
2004年6月2日,广州白天鹅宾馆,TCL集团董事长兼总裁李东生为TCL声势庞大的人才招聘计划率麾下十员得力干将集体登场。十人当中,七人为李东生布局下集团七大事业本部首领。台上座次为,李东生居中,紧挨李的左侧为彩电事业部总裁、新晋TCL汤姆逊合资公司CEO赵忠尧,身为通讯事业本部总裁的万明坚端坐李东生右座,与万明坚两人之隔的,是近年有些淡出媒体视线的TCL电脑总裁杨伟强。
座次的排列,微妙地体现着TCL诸侯文化的特质。
记者提问时间,主持人根据不同问题的行业归属分配给各事业部总裁应答,时间在一问一答的祥和气氛中推进。此时,最有意味的一幕出现了:当有记者同时提问关于手机以及数码3C整合的两个问题时,主持人根据自己的理解提示道:"第一个问题请万总回答。"(按当时的理解,数码与3C应该是TCL电脑总裁杨伟强的解释范围)
"第二个问题我也可以回答。"接过话筒的万明坚抛出的第一句话就让在场人出乎意料。
台下顿时爆发出一阵善意的笑声,而此时的台上则一片肃然。
轮回,涅磐
万明坚对记者说,这半年多以来身体状况欠佳,不复两年前率众分销商晨跑惠州江北园时的健硕。"还不是被你们媒体害的。"万浅笑两声,灼人的目光明显温和许多,他说,这一年间,他从原先180平方米的住房迁居到200多平方米的新居,从一家国企总经理变为跨国公司CEO,给他本人的生活并没有带来太多的变化。
万身边的人还是一如既往地称其为"万博士",据说,就连比他小20岁的第二任太太在人前也会对旁人说"我们万博士"。光环依旧,只是这一年,万明坚明显淡出了公众的视线,甚至于有时候他也会对周围习惯性的顶礼膜拜表现出不自然。采访中,万明坚温和地打断了他的秘书对其亲自主笔的一本刊物的溢美之辞,神色间颇有几分羞涩之意。
时间的指针拨回到20世纪90年代中期,TCL彩电始得三分天下有其一之势,当时的TCL除了李东生之外,主管彩电业务的胡秋生等人的形象也开始在媒体中逐渐被放大;1999年,"打工女皇"吴士宏告别微软中国区总裁之位加盟TCL,出任当时的TCL信息产业集团总经理。在上世纪末的IT狂潮中,吴士宏,以及后来接任吴之位的杨伟强被一再推到聚光灯下,成为那几年中媒体的宠儿。
几度轮转,万明坚的出场延续了这场造星运动,但是又有别于以往的任何一位明星。万从零开始,三年内造就TCL利润机器的故事,非常合格地成就了一幕完美的神话。与吴士宏此前被人寄予厚望,后以损失1亿元郁郁罢手的结局相比,万明坚在手机发展上从集团获得的资源最少,但是最终创造的利润甚至超过了TCL的当家主业——多媒体事业部,2002到2003年,连续两年TCL移动公司创造利润均达到集团总利润的80%以上。
根据"成王败寇"的游戏规则,2002年以后,TCL的光芒几乎都集中到了万明坚一人身上。
而这种以成败论英雄的潜意识主导下,TCL施行的是一种分而治之的体系,各大事业部原则上遵从集团统一号令,但在行销体系、财务结算甚至公关策略上都各自独立运转,而万明坚适时地利用TCL的管理独立性成就了尽管颇受非议,但保持特立独行的品格——这在国有企业中其实很难。
这种特质从各大事业部举行的产品发布会或经销商会风格上就能窥斑见豹:彩电及电脑产品部的发布会大都讲究时尚与温情,只传达品牌的理念,不涉及竞争对手;而通讯产品则显然要直接得多,常有预先设计的拳击赛表演,以代表TCL一方胜出的结局,预示对手的失败,万明坚也时常为诸如此类的活动冠以"英雄天下"之名。内敛与狂放两种截然不同的风格实际上正是来源于各路诸侯风格的迥异。
TCL内部常有这样的论调流行,尽管李万二人处理风格迥异,但行事大刀阔斧一点上多有谋合,如没有李东生审时度势的决策及宽容的胸襟,以及李成全的各事业部分而治之的管理架构,难有今天万明坚的特立独行;而没有万明坚"专制式"力排众议对宝石系列的推进,也难有TCL手机之今日。
在TCL身上,集合了近几年各个产业轮番上演的战事,同时,人事的冷暖也在这种产业的轮回中彰显无遗。
去年下半年由于产品的品质问题,以及渠道在成功后表现出的傲慢,TCL手机一度遭受经销商叛逃、返修率过高的难题。去年10月之后,万明坚重金处罚了相关技术人员,并开始投巨资打造研发团队。"任何大企业发展到一定阶段都会有波浪起伏,为了未来的高峰,要加大投入,甚至出现巨额亏损,亏几个亿,有巨大的振荡,但今天都要投下去。"万明坚说。
实际上,与阿尔卡特人力资源、经销体系的整合难题一道,今年上半年,TCL手机销量下滑20%,国产手机的品质、对上游元器件控制的弱势地位都在一一困扰着已经连续三年快速爬坡的TCL。
而相形之下,TCL彩电上半年的销售正在新兴的"数字浪潮"下增量增收。
接近万明坚的朋友说,万在长达一年多的沉默中一直在思考,他考虑得最多的问题在于:如何跳出国产手机上半年整体下滑的影响,如何摆脱对TCL手机品质一再指责的命运,如何与阿尔卡特这个没落的贵族经营好接下来的婚姻?——如果说2003年下半年"李万不和"的风波让万明坚一度陷落在TCL的人事迷城中,现在的万明坚已经远远地置身于TCL的城堡之外。
"中国制造业两三年内必须完成智慧化的转变",万说,中国制造,"原来可能是外资厂家利用技术、品牌来整合中国劳动力的成本",现在应该是到了"民族企业利用中国制造的优势增加市场优势,以整合别人品牌和技术"的时候了。
分治体系下的TCL七路诸侯无时不在寻找一种产业轮回的天启,手机是否已经过了它的极盛之时?阿尔卡特是万明坚极力寻找的那支"智慧化"强心针吗?
万明坚仍旧在狂热地期待,但也在痛苦而冷静地求解。